Manejo de la vía aérea ante un caso de paro respiratorio en un escenario clínico simulado. Experiencia en una residencia de pediatría / Airway management during a respiratory arrest in a clinical simulation scenario. Experience at a pediatric residency program

Introducción. La insuficiencia respiratoria es la causa más común de paro cardíaco en pediatría; su reconocimiento y el manejo adecuado son cruciales. La simulación se utiliza para mejorar las habilidades médicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la proporción de residentes de pediatría que reconocieron un paro respiratorio (PR) pediátrico en un centro de simulación. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional con 77 médicos residentes. Se utilizó un caso simulado de un paciente con dificultad respiratoria que progresa a PR. Resultados. De los 77 participantes, 48 reconocieron el paro respiratorio (62,3 %). El tiempo medio para reconocer el PR fue de 34,43 segundos. Conclusión. El 62,3 % de los participantes logró reconocer el paro respiratorio. Entre aquellos que lo identificaron, el tiempo promedio fue de 34,43 segundos. Se observaron graves deficiencias en algunas de las intervenciones esperadas.

Introduction. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in pediatrics. Recognizing and managing it adequately is critical. Simulation is used to improve medical skills. The objective of this study was to establish the proportion of pediatric residents who recognized a respiratory arrest in a child at a simulation center. Methods. This was an observational study in 77 residents. A simulation of a patient with respiratory distress that progressed to respiratory arrest was used. Results. Among the 77 participants, 48 recognized respiratory arrest (62.3%). The mean time to recognize respiratory arrest was 34.43 seconds. Conclusion. Respiratory arrest was recognized by 62.3% of participants. Among those who did so, the average time was 34.43 seconds. Severe failures were noted in some of the expected interventions.

Airway management during a respiratory arrest in a clinical simulation scenario. Experience at a pediatric residency program. / Manejo de la vía aérea ante un caso de paro respiratorio en un escenario clínico simulado. Experiencia en una residencia de pediatría.

Introduction. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in pediatrics. Recognizing and managing it adequately is critical. Simulation is used to improve medical skills. The objective of this study was to establish the proportion of pediatric residents who recognized a respiratory arrest in a child at a simulation center. Methods. This was an observational study in 77 residents. A simulation of a patient with respiratory distress that progressed to respiratory arrest was used. Results. Among the 77 participants, 48 recognized respiratory arrest (62.3%). The mean time to recognize respiratory arrest was 38.16 seconds. Conclusion. Respiratory arrest was recognized by 62.3% of participants. Among those who did so, the average time was 38.16 seconds. Severe failures were noted in some of the expected interventions.

Introducción. La insuficiencia respiratoria es la causa más común de paro cardíaco en pediatría; su reconocimiento y el manejo adecuado son cruciales. La simulación se utiliza para mejorar las habilidades médicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la proporción de residentes de pediatría que reconocieron un paro respiratorio (PR) pediátrico en un centro de simulación. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional con 77 médicos residentes. Se utilizó un caso simulado de un paciente con dificultad respiratoria que progresa a PR. Resultados. De los 77 participantes, 48 reconocieron el paro respiratorio (62,3 %). El tiempo medio para reconocer el PR fue de 38,16 segundos. Conclusión. El 62,3 % de los participantes logró reconocer el paro respiratorio. Entre aquellos que lo identificaron, el tiempo promedio fue de 38,16 segundos. Se observaron graves deficiencias en algunas de las intervenciones esperadas.

Relevamiento de drogas en carros de emergencia de un hospital pediátrico. Estudio antes-después de una intervención educativa / Assessment of emergency trolley drugs in a children's hospital. Before and after study on an educational intervention

Introducción. El abordaje de las emergencias pediátricas requiere recursos especializados y son frecuentes los errores relacionados con la medicación.Objetivos. Describir el contenido de los carros de emergencia (CE) en un hospital pediátrico y compararlo luego de una intervención educativa.Métodos. Se incluyeron CE de 9 salas de internación. Se elaboró una lista de cotejo con 30 drogas. Se relevaron los CE determinando presencia o ausencia de drogas y si las cantidades eran suficientes. Luego se realizó una intervención educativa y relevamientos 30 y 90 días posintervención.Resultados. La medición basal arrojó una proporción global de drogas adecuadas del 43,9 % (intervalo de confianza ­IC­ del 95 %: 38,4-49,4) con una variación entre CE del 29 % al 54,8 % y del 15 % al 85 % en los grupos de drogas. A los 30 días, la proporción correcta alcanzó el 70,3 % (IC 95 %: 65,2-75,4), con amplia variación entre los diferentes CE y grupos de drogas (del 51,6 % al 93,5 % y del 50 % al 95 %, respectivamente). A los 90 días, los porcentajes fueron similares. La comparación entre la primera y segunda medición mostró mejoría en todos los CE (rango: del 3,2 % al 45,1 %), odds ratio 3,73 (IC 95 %: 2,5-5,6), p < 0,001. Los resultados fueron similares entre la segunda y tercera medición.Conclusiones. En la medición inicial, se evidenció bajo nivel de adecuación de drogas de los CE. Luego de la intervención, mejoró significativamente y se mantuvo durante el período evaluado.

Introduction. The approach to pediatric emergencies requires specialized resources, and medication errors are common.Objectives. To describe the contents of emergency trolleys (ETs) in a children's hospital and compare them after an educational intervention.Methods. The ETs from 9 hospitalization wards were included. A checklist of 30 drugs was developed. ETs were assessed by determining whether drugs were present or absent and their amount. An educational intervention was conducted and assessments were repeated 30 and 90 days after the intervention.Results. The baseline measurement indicated an overall ratio of adequate drugs of 43.9 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 38.4-49.4) with a variation among ETs from 29 % to 54.8 %, and from 15 % to 85 % among drug groups. At 30 days, the adequate ratio reached 70.3 % (95 % CI: 65.2-75.4), with a wide variation among the different ETs and drug groups (from 51.6 % to 93.5 % and from 50 % to 95 %, respectively). At 90 days, the percentages were similar. The comparison between the first and second measurementshowed an improvement in all ETs (range: 3.2 %-45.1 %), odds ratio: 3.73 (95 % CI: 2.5-5.6), p < 0.001. Results were similar between the second and third measurement.Conclusions. The baseline measurement showed a low level of adequate ET drugs. After the intervention, this improved significantly and was maintained during the studied period

Assessment of emergency trolley drugs in a children's hospital. Before and after study on an educational intervention. / Relevamiento de drogas en carros de emergencia de un hospital pediátrico. Estudio antes-después de una intervención educativa.

INTRODUCTION: The approach to pediatric emergencies requires specialized resources, and medication errors are common. OBJECTIVES: To describe the contents of emergency trolleys (ETs) in a children's hospital and compare them after an educational intervention. METHODS: The ETs from 9 hospitalization wards were included. A checklist of 30 drugs was developed. ETs were assessed by determining whether drugs were present or absent and their amount. An educational intervention was conducted and assessments were repeated 30 and 90 days after the intervention. RESULTS: The baseline measurement indicated an overall ratio of adequate drugs of 43.9 % (95 % confidence interval [Cl]: 38.4-49.4) with a variation among ETs from 29 % to 54.8 %, and from 15 % to 85 % among drug groups. At 30 days, the adequate ratio reached 70.3 % (95 % CI: 65.275.4), with a wide variation among the different ETs and drug groups (from 51.6 % to 93.5 % and from 50 % to 95 %, respectively). At 90 days, the percentages were similar. The comparison between the first and second measurement showed an improvement in all ETs (range: 3.2 %-45.1 %), odds ratio: 3.73 (95 % CI: 2.5-5.6), p < 0.001. Results were similar between the second and third measurement. CONCLUSIONS: The baseline measurement showed a low level of adequate ET drugs. After the intervention, this improved significantly and was maintained during the studied period.

Introducción. El abordaje de las emergencias pediátricas requiere recursos especializados y son frecuentes los errores relacionados con la medicación. Objetivos. Describir el contenido de los carros de emergencia (CE) en un hospital pediátrico y compararlo luego de una intervención educativa. Métodos. Se incluyeron CE de 9 salas de internación. Se elaboró una lista de cotejo con 30 drogas. Se relevaron los CE determinando presencia o ausencia de drogas y si las cantidades eran suficientes. Luego se realizó una intervención educativa y relevamientos 30 y 90 días posintervención. Resultados. La medición basal arrojó una proporción global de drogas adecuadas del 43,9 % (intervalo de confianza -IC- del 95 %: 38,449,4) con una variación entre CE del 29 % al 54,8 % y del 15 % al 85 % en los grupos de drogas. A los 30 días, la proporción correcta alcanzó el 70,3 % (IC 95 %: 65,2-75,4), con amplia variación entre los diferentes CE y grupos de drogas (del 51,6 % al 93,5 % y del 50 % al 95 %, respectivamente). A los 90 días, los porcentajes fueron similares. La comparación entre la primera y segunda medición mostró mejoría en todos los CE (rango: del 3,2 % al 45,1 %), odds ratio 3,73 (IC 95 %: 2,55,6), p < 0,001. Los resultados fueron similares entre la segunda y tercera medición. Conclusiones. En la medición inicial, se evidenció bajo nivel de adecuación de drogas de los CE. Luego de la intervención, mejoró significativamente y se mantuvo durante el período evaluado.

Caída del filtrado glomerular secundario a hipotiroidismo autoinmune / Impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate in a patient with autoimmune hypothyroidism

El hipotiroidismo adquirido se presenta en alrededor del 0,3% de los niños en edad escolar y su principal causa es la tiroiditis linfocitaria crónica, de etiología autoinmune. Desde mediados del siglo XX, se conoce el papel de las hormonas tiroideas en el crecimiento y mantenimiento de las funciones del riñón. Se presenta una paciente con caída de filtrado glomerular secundario a hipotiroidismo primario que normalizó la función renal con suplencia hormonal y se realiza una revisión sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados

Acquired hypothyroidism occurs in about 0.3% of schoolage children and its main cause is autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Since the mid-twentieth century, the role of thyroid hormones in the growth and maintenance of kidney functions has been well known. A patient with glomerular filtration rate secondary to primary hypothyroidism who normalized renal function with hormonal replacement is presented and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are analyzed

[Evaluation Exercise Vaccination status inquiry and hierarchy of prevention and health education opportunities. Experience in a Pediatric Residency using the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise]. / Pesquisa sobre vacunación y oportunidades de prevención y educación para la salud. Experiencia en una residencia pediátrica mediante el Mini-Clinical.

INTRODUCTION: The Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) is a formative tool with two descriptors assessing the inquiry of vaccination status and the hierarchy of prevention opportunities. Objectives. Determine the prevalence of both items in pediatric controls and spontaneous demands. Compare the performance between first and third year of their training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis based on trainees Mini-CEX charts. RESULTS: There were 119 residents evaluated during their first year. The prevalence of vaccination status screening in controls was 94.9% (confidence interval -CI-: 91.09-98.91); in demands 73.1% (CI: 65.2-81; OR 5.33; CI: 2.23- 12.75; p 0.00004). The prevalence of prevention opportunities in controls was 69.8% (CI: 61.6- 78); in demands 62.2% (CI: 53.5-70.9; OR 1.034; CI: 0.4638-2.306; p= 0.4673). There were 32 trainees compared between their first and third year performance in demands, without significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: We found high prevalence of vaccination inquiry and lower prevalence of hierarchization of prevention opportunities in controls, with less inquiry in demands.

Introducción. El Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) es una herramienta formativa. Dentro de sus ítems, evalúa la pesquisa del estado de vacunación y la jerarquización de oportunidades de prevención. Objetivos. Determinar porcentaje de pesquisa de dichos ítems en controles de salud y demanda. Comparar desempeño entre primer y tercer año. Materiales y métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de las planillas del Mini-CEX de residentes. Resultados. Se evaluaron 119 residentes. La prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación en controles fue 94,9% (intervalo de confianza ­IC­: 91,09-98,91); en demanda, 73,1% (IC: 65,2-81; OR 5,33; IC: 2,23-12,75; p= 0,00004). La prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles fue 69,8% (IC: 61,6-78); en demanda, 62,2% (IC: 53,5-70,9; OR 1,034; IC: 0,4638- 2,306; p= 0,4673). En 32 residentes se comparó su desempeño entre primer y tercer año en demandas, sin diferencia significativa. Conclusiones. Se detectó alta prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación y menor prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles, con menor pesquisa de ambos ítems en demandas.

Implementación de evaluación virtual con retroalimentación inmediata. Experiencia en la residencia de Clínica Pediátrica del Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez / Implementation of online evaluation with immediate feedback. Experience in the Pediatric Residency of Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital

Introducción: Acorde a los nuevos modelos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, la formación virtual con exámenes informatizados ha ido adquiriendo mayor importancia. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la experiencia de la implementación de un examen online de opción múltiple con retroalimentación inmediata en la residencia y medir la percepción de los residentes de dicha herramienta mediante una encuesta. Métodos: Se elaboraron preguntas de opción múltiple con cuatro opciones. Al finalizar el examen cada residente tuvo una devolución inmediata del resultado, la revisión y la justificación de cada pregunta. Luego se realizó una encuesta virtual anónima de seis preguntas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 113 residentes. El 71,8% (n= 79) nunca había rendido un examen en modalidad virtual. El 82,7% (n= 91) consideró la nueva modalidad una herramienta útil para su formación. El 95,6% (n= 108) estuvo de acuerdo o completamente de acuerdo con la utilidad formativa de la retroalimentación inmediata. En cuanto a la utilización de dispositivos electrónicos, el 36,2% (n= 41) los utilizaban casi siempre y el 28,3% (n= 32) siempre. Al 58% de los encuestados (n= 65) la modalidad online le resultó mejor o mucho mejor a las experiencias previas. Conclusiones: Se comprobó alto porcentaje de conformidad con la utilidad formativa de la nueva modalidad por parte de los residentes del programa de Clínica Pediátrica

Introduction: According to new learning models, online training with computerized exams has acquired greater relevance. The objective of this article is to describe the experience of the implementation of a multiple choice online exam with immediate feedback at the residency and measure the perception of the pediatric trainees through a survey. Methods: Multiple-choice questions were developed with four options. At the end of the exam, each trainee had access to an immediate feedback of the result, as well as the review and justification of each question. Then an anonymous virtual survey of six questions was carried out. Results: 113 pediatric trainees were evaluated. 71.8% (n= 79) had never done a virtual exam. 82.7% (n= 91) considered the new modality a useful tool for their training. 95.6% (n= 108) agreed or completely agreed with the formative utility of the immediate feedback. Regarding the use of electronic devices, 36.2% (n= 41) used them almost always and 28.3% (n= 32) always. To 58% of the trainees (n= 65) the online modality was better or much better than previous experiences. Conclusions: A high percentage of acceptance with the formative usefulness of the new modality was demonstrated

Eficacia de una tabla de referencia de drogas. Una herramienta para reducir errores en la medicación durante la emergencia pediátrica / Efficacy of a drug reference table for emergencies. A tool to reduce errors in medication

Introducción. Se diseñó una tabla de referencia de drogas para emergencias (TRDE) especificando utilidad, dosis, vía de administración y dilución de las drogas más utilizadas durante emergencias pediátricas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar su utilidad para reducir errores en medicación. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio controlado aleatorizado con residentes de un hospital general pediátrico durante jornadas de simulación médica de alta fidelidad. Participaron 79 médicos divididos en 12 equipos; 6 asignados aleatoriamente, tuvieron la TRDE disponible y un instructivo para utilizarla. Se analizaron cantidad total de errores en la prescripción de medicación, y tipo de error (elección de la droga, dosis, dilución y vía de administración). Resultados. La media de indicaciones por equipo fue 7,08 drogas (DS 6,25-7,92). Los equipos sin TRDE cometieron 5,17 errores totales más que los que la usaron (IC 90% 0,21-10,12; P=0,08). En el análisis diferenciado por tipo de error aquellos sin TRDE cometieron 2,5 errores más de dilución (IC 90% 0,87-4,13; P=0,02). No hubo diferencias significativas de errores de elección, dosificación y vía de administración de drogas. Conclusión. La TRDE determinó una disminución global de errores en la prescripción de medicación durante situaciones de emergencia, principalmente en la dilución

Background. A drug reference table for emergencies (TE) was designed specifying utility, dose, route of administration and dilution of the drugs used during pediatric emergencies. The aim of this work was to evaluate its utility to reduce errors in medication. Methods. A randomized controlled study was conducted with residents of a pediatric general hospital during high-fidelity medical simulation. 79 residents were divided into 12 teams, 6 randomly assigned teams had the TE available and instructions on how to use it. We analyzed the total number of errors in the prescription of medication, and type of error (choice of drug, dose, dilution and route of administration). Results. The mean of indications per team was 7.08 drugs (DS 6.25-7.92). Teams without TE performed 5.17 total errors more than those who used it (IC 90% 0.21-10.12, P = 0.08). Analyzing by type of error those without TE made 2.5 more dilution errors (IC 90% 0.87-4.13, P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in errors of choice, dosage and route of drug administration. Conclusion. The TE produced overall decrease in medication prescription errors during emergency situations, particularly in dilution errors

Patient experience assessment in pediatric hospitals in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To create a hospital pediatric inpatient experience survey based on the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Hospital Survey (CAHPS® Hospital Survey). DESIGN: Survey development based on: (i) Translation and back translation, (ii) Review by experts, (iii) Cultural adaptation: qualitative evaluation of dimensions with reformulation and adaptation of items, (iv) Local cognitive evaluation and (v) Final measurement of its psychometric properties. Inspection, content validity and reliability assessment through internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) and inter-item correlation. Factor analysis matrix: extraction, selection and rotation. SETTING: Two pediatric hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina: Hospital de Pediatría 'Garrahan' (HG) and Hospital de Niños 'Ricardo Gutiérrez' (HRG). PARTICIPANTS: Parents or caregivers of pediatric patients hospitalized for at least 24 h. RESULTS: A feasible and easy to administer 21-item instrument was developed. One thousand and thirty-two surveys were analyzed, 630 (61%) in HG and 402 (39%) in HRG. Population: mothers of admitted children were interviewed 85% of the time, 61% (625) had completed minor schooling to high school education; 365 families (35%) had unsatisfied basic needs and 51% (529) did not have health insurance. Reliability: adequate Cronbach's alpha scores were found with correlation 0.7 or higher in most domains. Validity: a direct correlation was observed between overall positive opinion and quality of care perceived with the survey, and an indirect correlation (perceived low quality) with higher level of schooling and health insurance ownership. CONCLUSION: An instrument with adequate psychometric properties was adapted to evaluate patients and families' perceptions of quality of care received during children's hospitalization.

[Using descriptors during the implementation of Mini-CEX at pediatric residency]. / Uso de descriptores durante la implementación de Mini-CEX en la residencia de pediatría.

UNLABELLED: The Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) is an assessment tool, which emphasizes the educational value and is based on direct performance observation. The objective was to evaluate the reliability and feasibility of Mini-CEX using pediatric descriptors during its implementation in two pediatric residency programs. The design was observational, exploratory and feasibility in the use of this evaluation tool. Based on the original format, descriptors related to the pediatric consult for each Mini-CEX dimension's were agreed. Operators were trained in the use of this tool by means of descriptors as well as in debriefing strategies. Finally, there were two simultaneous and independent evaluations for each observation. ANALYSIS: a) Mini-CEX global and dimension score; b) Concordance between operators scores (mean differences and 95% CI); c) Non evaluable descriptors frequency; d) Duration and satisfaction in use. There were 80 observations in 40 pediatric consults. Overall score 7.5±0.9 (6.4±2 to 8.3±1.1 depending on dimension), with no significant differences between the two institutions. There was high agreement between observers (Mean, difference between 0.1 and 0.3, 95% CI -0.8 to 0.3). The frequency of non evaluable descriptors ranged 5-28 (9% to 51%) and it was not associated with the implementation stage. The average implementation time was 20 minutes, and satisfaction in use was high among both operators and residents. Mini-CEX tool using pediatric descriptors showed high reliability. The joint experience was satisfactory and simultaneously confirmed the value of debriefing.

Involvement of the fractalkine pathway in the pathogenesis of childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Thrombotic microangiopathy and acute renal failure are cardinal features of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions are related to endothelial and epithelial cell damage induced by Shiga toxin (Stx) through the interaction with its globotriaosyl ceramide receptor. However, inflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis of HUS by sensitizing cells to Stx fractalkine (FKN), a CX(3)C transmembrane chemokine expressed on epithelial and endothelial cells upon activation, is involved in the selective migration and adhesion of specific leukocyte subsets to tissues. Here, we demonstrated a selective depletion of circulating mononuclear leukocytes expressing the receptor for FKN (CX(3)CR1) in patients with HUS. We found a unique phenotype in children with HUS distinct from that seen in healthy, uremic, or infected controls, in which monocytes lost CX(3)CR1, down-modulated CD62L, and increased CD16. In addition, the CD56(dim) natural killer (NK) subpopulation was decreased, leading to an altered peripheral CD56(dim)/CD56(bright) ratio from 10.0 to 4.5. It is noteworthy that a negative correlation existed between the percentage of circulating CX(3)CR1(+) leukocytes and the severity of renal failure. Finally, CX(3)CR1(+) leukocytes were observed in renal biopsies from patients with HUS. We suggest that the interaction of CX(3)CR1(+) cells with FKN present on activated endothelial cells may contribute to renal injury in HUS.

Differential expression of function-related antigens on blood monocytes in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Monocytes (Mo) mediate central functions in inflammation and immunity. Different subpopulations of Mo with distinct phenotype and functional properties have been described. Here, we investigate the phenotype and function of peripheral Mo from children with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). For this purpose, blood samples from patients in the acute period of HUS (HUS AP) were obtained on admission before dialysis and/or transfusion. The Mo phenotypic characterization was performed on whole blood by flow cytometry, and markers associated to biological functions were selected: CD14 accounting for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responsiveness, CD11b for adhesion, Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G type I (FcgammaRI)/CD64 for phagocytosis and cytotoxicity, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR for antigen presentation. Some of these functions were also determined. Moreover, the percentage of CD14+ CD16+ Mo was evaluated. We found that the entire HUS AP Mo population exhibited reduced CD14, CD64, and CD11b expression and decreased LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor production and Fcgamma-dependent cytotoxicity. HUS AP showed an increased percentage of CD14+ CD16+ Mo with higher CD16 and lower CD14 levels compared with the same subset from healthy children. Moreover, the CD14++ CD16- Mo subpopulation of HUS AP had a decreased HLA-DR expression, which correlated with severity. In conclusion, the Mo population from HUS AP patients presents phenotypic and functional alterations. The contribution to the pathogenesis and the possible scenarios that led to these changes are discussed.